Merge branch 'main' into io-managed-weakref

Author: eendebakpt

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -172,8 +172,12 @@ Lib/_osx_support.py           @python/macos-team
 Lib/test/test__osx_support.py @python/macos-team
 
 # WebAssembly (Emscripten)
-Platforms/emscripten          @freakboy3742 @emmatyping
-Tools/wasm/emscripten         @freakboy3742 @emmatyping
+Platforms/emscripten          @freakboy3742 @emmatyping @hoodmane
+Tools/wasm/emscripten         @freakboy3742 @emmatyping @hoodmane
+Python/wasm_trampoline.c      @hoodmane
+Python/emscripten_signal.c    @hoodmane
+Python/emscripten_syscalls.c  @hoodmane
+.github/workflows/reusable-emscripten.yml @hoodmane
 
 # WebAssembly (WASI)
 Platforms/WASI                @brettcannon @emmatyping @savannahostrowski
@@ -510,6 +514,13 @@ Doc/library/importlib.resources.rst       @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
 Lib/importlib/resources/                  @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
 Lib/test/test_importlib/resources/        @jaraco @warsaw @FFY00
 
+# IO
+Doc/library/io.rst            @cmaloney
+Lib/_pyio.py                  @cmaloney
+Lib/io.py                     @cmaloney
+Lib/test/test_io/             @cmaloney
+Modules/_io/                  @cmaloney
+
 # Itertools
 Doc/library/itertools.rst     @rhettinger
 Lib/test/test_itertools.py    @rhettinger

.github/workflows/reusable-emscripten.yml

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
             f.write(f"node-version={config['node-version']}\n")
             f.write(f"deps-hash={h.hexdigest()}\n")
         with open(os.environ["GITHUB_ENV"], "a") as f:
-            f.write(f"EMSDK_CACHE={emsdk_cache}\n")
+            f.write(f"PY_EMSDK_CACHE={emsdk_cache}\n")
     - name: "Install Node.js"
       uses: actions/setup-node@820762786026740c76f36085b0efc47a31fe5020 # v7.0.0
       with:
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jobs:
       id: emsdk-cache
       uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
       with:
-        path: ${{ env.EMSDK_CACHE }}
+        path: ${{ env.PY_EMSDK_CACHE }}
         key: emsdk-${{ steps.emscripten-config.outputs.emscripten-version }}-${{ steps.emscripten-config.outputs.deps-hash }}
         restore-keys: emsdk-${{ steps.emscripten-config.outputs.emscripten-version }}
     - name: "Install Python"

.gitignore

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 *.pyo
 *.rej
 *.swp
+*.pickle
 *~
 *.gc??
 *.profclang?

Doc/builtins/functions.rst

@@ -1950,7 +1950,7 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
       >>> MISSING
       <MISSING>
 
-   Sentinel objects are truthy and compare equal only to themselves.  They are
+   Sentinel objects are true and compare equal only to themselves.  They are
    intended to be compared with the :keyword:`is` operator.
 
    ``sentinel`` does not support subclassing.

Doc/builtins/stdtypes.rst

@@ -2129,13 +2129,23 @@ expression support in the :mod:`re` module).
 .. method:: str.capitalize()
 
    Return a copy of the string with its first character capitalized and the
-   rest lowercased.
+   rest lowercased. For example:
+
+   .. doctest::
+
+      >>> 'PYTHON IS AMAZING'.capitalize()
+      'Python is amazing'
+      >>> 'Njemačka starts With a non-ASCII digraph'.capitalize()
+      'Njemačka starts with a non-ascii digraph'
+
+   See also :meth:`title`.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.8
       The first character is now put into titlecase rather than uppercase.
       This means that characters like digraphs will only have their first
       letter capitalized, instead of the full character.
 
+
 .. method:: str.casefold()
 
    Return a casefolded copy of the string. Casefolded strings may be used for
@@ -3137,7 +3147,7 @@ expression support in the :mod:`re` module).
         >>> titlecase("they're bill's friends.")
         "They're Bill's Friends."
 
-   See also :meth:`istitle`.
+   See also :meth:`istitle` and :meth:`capitalize`.
 
 
 .. method:: str.translate(table, /)

Doc/builtins/threadsafety.rst

@@ -604,3 +604,13 @@ underlying object supports it:
 Resizing or reallocating the underlying object (such as calling
 :meth:`bytearray.resize`) while a memoryview is exported raises
 :exc:`BufferError`. This is enforced regardless of threading.
+
+In the :term:`free-threaded build`, :meth:`~memoryview.release` is
+thread-safe. If another thread has an in-flight operation on the memoryview
+when it is released, the underlying buffer may remain exported until that
+operation completes. Restrictions on the exporter, such as prohibiting
+resizing, remain in effect until then.
+
+For read-heavy workloads that share an underlying object across threads,
+creating a separate memoryview of that object in each thread may improve
+performance.

Doc/c-api/code.rst

@@ -44,6 +44,14 @@ bound into a function.
       The old name is deprecated, but will remain available until the
       signature changes again.
 
+.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnstable_Code_GetLocalPlusNames(PyCodeObject *co)
+
+   Return a :term:`strong reference` to a tuple of names of the local, cell and
+   free variables of a code object. The names are in the same order as the
+   values returned by :c:func:`PyUnstable_InterpreterFrame_GetLocal`.
+
+   .. versionadded:: next
+
 .. c:function:: PyCodeObject* PyUnstable_Code_New(int argcount, int kwonlyargcount, int nlocals, int stacksize, int flags, PyObject *code, PyObject *consts, PyObject *names, PyObject *varnames, PyObject *freevars, PyObject *cellvars, PyObject *filename, PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, int firstlineno, PyObject *linetable, PyObject *exceptiontable)
 
    Return a new code object.  If you need a dummy code object to create a frame,

Doc/c-api/dict.rst

@@ -507,6 +507,29 @@ Dictionary objects
       modified by another thread.
 
 
+.. c:function:: PyObject* PyDict_AsFrozenDictAndClear(PyObject *dict)
+
+   Return a new :class:`frozendict` created
+   from the existing :class:`dict` instance.
+
+   Transfers all keys and values from *dict*
+   to the newly allocated :class:`!frozendict`.
+   Clears the input *dict* on success.
+   Returns ``NULL`` with the exception set on error.
+
+   This function is intended for building a :class:`!frozendict` instance via
+   a temporary *dict* that is not exposed to user code.
+   To "freeze" an arbitrary dictionary, for example one received from the user
+   as an argument, prefer :c:func:`PyFrozenDict_New` to leave the source
+   intact.
+
+   .. impl-detail::
+
+      Works with O(1) complexity.
+
+   .. versionadded:: next
+
+
 .. c:function:: int PyDict_AddWatcher(PyDict_WatchCallback callback)
 
    Register *callback* as a dictionary watcher. Return a non-negative integer

Doc/c-api/frame.rst

@@ -99,8 +99,6 @@ See also :ref:`Reflection <reflection>`.
 
    Get the *frame*'s :attr:`~frame.f_lasti` attribute.
 
-   Returns -1 if ``frame.f_lasti`` is ``None``.
-
    .. versionadded:: 3.11
 
 
@@ -243,3 +241,21 @@ Unless using :pep:`523`, you will not need this.
    Return the currently executing line number, or -1 if there is no line number.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.12
+
+
+.. c:function:: int PyUnstable_InterpreterFrame_GetLocal(struct _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, Py_ssize_t index, PyObject **result)
+
+   Retrieve the local variable at *index*.
+   To determine the index of a particular variable, use
+   :c:func:`PyUnstable_InterpreterFrame_GetCode` and
+   :c:func:`PyUnstable_Code_GetLocalPlusNames`.
+
+   Cell and free variables are unboxed to their contents.  Free variables are
+   resolved from the function closure, so this also works on a frame that has
+   not started executing.
+
+   * On success, store a new :term:`strong reference` in *result* and return ``1``.
+   * If the slot is unset or hidden, store ``NULL`` in *result* and return ``0``.
+   * On error, raise an exception, store ``NULL`` in *result* and return ``-1``.
+
+   .. versionadded:: next

Doc/c-api/gcsupport.rst

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ rules:
    .. warning::
       If a type adds the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, then it *must* implement at least
       a :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler or explicitly use one
-      from its subclass or subclasses.
+      from a base class.
 
       When calling :c:func:`PyType_Ready` or some of the APIs that indirectly
       call it like :c:func:`PyType_FromSpecWithBases` or